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Heart Disease Facts

• Heart disease is the leading cause of death for both women and men in the United States.¹
  
• In 2005, 652,091 people died of heart disease (50.5% of them women). This was 27.1% of all U.S. deaths. The age-adjusted death rate was 222 per 100,000 population.¹
  
• Heart disease is the leading cause of death for American Indians and Alaska Natives, blacks, Hispanics, and whites. For Asians and Pacific Islanders, cancer is the leading cause of death (accounting for 27.5% of all deaths), heart disease is a close second (25.0%).²
  
• Heart disease crude death rates per 100,000 population for the five largest U.S. racial/ethnic groups are as follows: Hispanics, 69.2; Asians and Pacific Islanders, 73; American Indians, 82.5; blacks, 189.8; and whites, 235.5.²
  
• In 2005, the age-adjusted death rates for diseases of the heart was 211.1 deaths per 100,000 for all Americans. The age-adjusted death rate for whites was 207.8, and 271.3 for African Americans. Age adjusted rates are used to compare populations with differeing age distributions.²
  
• By state, age-adjusted death rates per 100,000 for diseases of the heart ranged from 141.1 (Minnesota) to 306.8 (Mississippi) in 2005.¹
  
• Coronary heart disease is the principal type of heart disease. In 2005, 445,687 people that died from coronary heart disease. That is about 68.3% of all heart disease deaths.⁵
  
• It is estimated that about 47% of cardiac deaths occur before emergency services or transport to a hospital.⁴
  
• In 2009, heart disease is projected to cost more than $304.6 billion, including health care services, medications, and lost productivity.⁵
  
• Worldwide, coronary heart disease killed more than 7.6 million people in 2005.⁶
  
• Risk factors for heart disease among adults (for years 2003–2004 unless noted, age-adjusted):³
  
  Percentage of persons aged 20 years and older with hypertension or taking hypertension medications: 32.1%
  Percentage of persons aged 20 years and older with high blood cholesterol: 16.9%
  Percentage of persons aged 20 years and older with physician-diagnosed diabetes: 10.0%
  Percentage of persons aged 20 years and older who are obese: 32.0%
  Percentage of adults aged 18 years and older who are current cigarette smokers (2004-2006): 18.4%
  Percentage of adults aged 18 years and older who engage in no leisure-time physical activity (2006): 39.5%
  
• In 2003, approximately 37% of adults reported having two or more of six risk factors for heart disease and stroke (high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes, current smoking, physical inactivity, and obesity).⁷
  
• Timely access to emergency cardiac care and survival is partly dependent on early recognition of heart attack symptoms and immediate action by calling emergency services. In a 2005 survey, most persons (92%) recognized chest pain as a heart attack symptom, but only 27% correctly classified all symptoms and knew to call 9–1–1 when someone was having a heart attack.⁸
  
• Studies among people with heart disease have shown that lowering high blood cholesterol and high blood pressure can reduce the risk of dying of heart disease, having a nonfatal heart attack, and needing heart bypass surgery or angioplasty.
  
• Studies among people without heart disease have shown that lowering high blood cholesterol and high blood pressure can reduce the risk of developing heart disease.

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Coronary heart disease

Main article: Coronary heart disease

Coronary artery disease is a disease of the artery caused by the accumulation of atheromatous plaques within the walls of the arteries that supply the myocardium. Angina pectoris (chest pain) and myocardial infarction (heart attack) are symptoms of and conditions caused by coronary heart disease.

Over 459,000 Americans die of coronary heart disease every year^[5]. In the United Kingdom, 101,000 deaths annually are due to coronary heart disease.^[6]

Cardiomyopathy

Main article: Cardiomyopathy

Cardiomyopathy literally means "heart muscle disease" (Myo= muscle, pathy= disease) It is the deterioration of the function of the myocardium (i.e., the actual heart muscle) for any reason. People with cardiomyopathy are often at risk of arrhythmia and/or sudden cardiac death.

• Extrinsic cardiomyopathies – cardiomyopathies where the primary pathology is outside the myocardium itself. Most cardiomyopathies are extrinsic, because by far the most common cause of a cardiomyopathy is ischemia. The World Health Organization calls these specific cardiomyopathies^{[citation needed]}:
  • Alcoholic cardiomyopathy
  • Coronary artery disease
  • Congenital heart disease – see below
  • Nutritional diseases affecting the heart
  • Ischemic (or ischaemic) cardiomyopathy
  • Hypertensive cardiomyopathy
  • Valvular cardiomyopathy – see also Valvular heart disease below
  • Inflammatory cardiomyopathy – see also Inflammatory heart disease below
  • Cardiomyopathy secondary to a systemic metabolic disease
• Intrinsic cardiomyopathies – weakness in the muscle of the heart that is not due to an identifiable external cause.
  • Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) – most common form, and one of the leading indications for heart transplantation. In DCM the heart (especially the left ventricle) is enlarged and the pumping function is diminished.
  • Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM or HOCM) – genetic disorder caused by various mutations in genes encoding sarcomeric proteins. In HCM the heart muscle is thickened, which can obstruct blood flow and prevent the heart from functioning properly.
  • Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) – arises from an electrical disturbance of the heart in which heart muscle is replaced by fibrous scar tissue. The right ventricle is generally most affected.
  • Restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM) – least common cardiomyopathy. The walls of the ventricles are stiff, but may not be thickened, and resist the normal filling of the heart with blood. ** Noncompaction Cardiomyopathy – the left ventricle wall has failed to properly grow from birth and such has a spongy appearance when viewed during an echocardiogram.

Cardiovascular disease

Main article: Cardiovascular disease

Cardiovascular disease is any of a number of specific diseases that affect the heart itself and/or the blood vessel system, especially the veins and arteries leading to and from the heart. Research on disease dimorphism suggests that women who suffer with cardiovascular disease usually suffer from forms that affect the blood vessels while men usually suffer from forms that affect the heart muscle itself. Known or associated causes of cardiovascular disease include diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hyperhomocysteinemia and hypercholesterolemia.

Types of cardiovascular disease include:

• Atherosclerosis

Ischaemic heart disease

• Ischaemic heart disease – another disease of the heart itself, characterized by reduced blood supply to the organs.

Heart failure

Main article: Heart failure

Heart failure, also called congestive heart failure (or CHF), and congestive cardiac failure (CCF), is a condition that can result from any structural or functional cardiac disorder that impairs the ability of the heart to fill with or pump a sufficient amount of blood throughout the body. Therefore leading to the heart and body's failure.

• Cor pulmonale, a failure of the right side of the heart.

Hypertensive heart disease

Main article: Hypertensive heart disease

Hypertensive heart disease is heart disease caused by high blood pressure, especially localised high blood pressure. Conditions that can be caused by hypertensive heart disease include:

• Left ventricular hypertrophy
• Coronary heart disease
• (Congestive) heart failure
• Hypertensive cardiomyopathy
• Cardiac arrhythmias

Inflammatory heart disease

Inflammatory heart disease involves inflammation of the heart muscle and/or the tissue surrounding it.

• Endocarditis – inflammation of the inner layer of the heart, the endocardium. The most common structures involved are the heart valves.
• Inflammatory cardiomegaly
• Myocarditis – inflammation of the myocardium, the muscular part of the heart.

Valvular heart disease

Main article: Valvular heart disease

Valvular heart disease is disease process that affects one or more valves of the heart. The valves in the right side of the heart are the tricuspid valve and the pulmonic valve. The valves in the left side of the heart are the mitral valve and the aortic valve.

• Aortic valve stenosis
• Mitral valve prolapse
• Valvular cardiomyopathy

See also

• Aneurysm
  • Aortic aneurysm
• Diet and heart disease
• Endothelium-derived relaxing factor
• High blood pressure (Hypertension)
• Thrombosis
• Oral hygiene
• Pericarditis

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